Methodists would sing them out;
Pentecostals would shout them out;
Catholics and Greek Orthodox would incense them out;
Baptists would drown them out;
and Presbyterians would freeze them out![1]
As a Presbyterian, I get a little tired of the frozen chosen jokes but I get the point! The point of that illustration is to cause us to think about doing pastoral ministry — true to the Scriptures, to the Great Commission, and even to our distinctive and unique contributions to the body of Christ — in a pluralistic setting.
However, I want to go beyond this hypothetical, tongue-in-cheek gathering into the very real world we live in today. The setting is no longer just Catholics, Baptists, Pentecostals, and Presbyterians. The setting is more like what I saw when, two years ago, I stepped foot onto the soil of India to preach and teach in Chennai and in Dehradun — a world of Hindus, Buddhists, Islamic sects, cults who operate in the name of Jesus, as well as atheists and agnostics, secularists, and materialists, all mixed into a religious soup, that was as spicy as their food. Add to that Judaism of every brand and Christian groups of every kind. When I returned to my own nation, I wondered, "Did I just see a snapshot of America and Great Britain fifty years from now?" Is this now our cultural soup?
Yes. Increasingly, that is our world today, not only in metropolitan areas, but in almost every community in America,[2] even in rural areas where plurality once meant (and still does in some communities) a Baptist Church, a Methodist Church, maybe a Presbyterian or a Pentecostal congregation, and an Independent congregation.
Of course, there were always those “contemptible” few who dared not claim any of those, as in the rural south where I grew up (these, the “no preference” people, are now the fastest growing group identified in the “American Religious Identification Survey” of 2001[3]). Today those same places are home, in an increasing way, to Muslims, various Eastern cults, Mormons, and of course, there seem to be more secularists and atheists. These are the teachers, the coaches, the students, and the next-door neighbors. Our nation, once ostensibly monochrome – the word used by the late English missionary and Bishop of South India Lesslie Newbigin to describe old Christendom – is now pluralistic.[4]
The decisive spiritual warfare that Reinhold Niebuhr foresaw in “The Christian Church in a Secular Age”[5] has broadened onto new fronts in these dawning years of the twenty-first century. His “five types” in Christianity and Culture[6] are ripe for reinterpretation, as the cultural challenge itself has metastasized. John Howard Yoder, in his critique in 1958, and later Hauerwas and Willimon, in Resident Aliens, seek to do just that.[7]
Old models of coping with plurality are no longer helpful, as Glenn Lucke writes on his Blog, Common Grounds Online: “The 1950s ‘tripartite settlement’ described in Will Herberg’s Protestant-Catholic-Jew no longer obtains as Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists have swelled in numbers in recent decades.”[8]
Writers like Robert Wuthnow in America and the Challenge of Religious Diversity, who welcomes the challenge, and Peter Wood in Diversity: The Invention of a Concept, who distrusts the claims, seem to be talking about our new identity but are less sure about how to live it out.[9] Maybe none of us really are sure yet. We are just in the middle of it. We are just seeing it, to paraphrase Hans Urs von Balthasar, not really seeing through it.[10] But to be sure, things have changed. It is not just “Toto, I’ve a feeling we’re not in Kansas anymore.” It is more accurately “Toto, Kansas isn’t Kansas anymore.”
The question remains: How do we conduct faithful gospel ministry in this environment? How can we be about biblical preaching in a pluralistic culture?
Pluralistic and Pluralism
Before I answer that question, it might be helpful to differentiate between pluralistic and pluralism as I use the terms. One is a matter of numbers and the other is a matter of ideology. Pluralistic refers to an undeniable plurality of beliefs and ideas and even the customs and cultures that are derived from those ideas. Even here Lesslie Newbigin sees inconsistency: “We are pluralist in respect to what we call beliefs but we are not pluralistic in respect of what we call fact. The former are a matter of personal decision; the latter are a matter of public knowledge.”[11]
Nevertheless, pluralists we are and pluralists we are becoming. Arguments not withstanding, for instance, even among conservatives like Pat Buchanan and Dinesh D’Souza on how immigrants truly become American (American by creed/Constitution, according to D’Souza, and through “bonds of history and memory, tradition and custom, language and literature, birth and faith, blood and soil,” according to Buchanan[12]), we are becoming more pluralistic every day. Within this global soup, full of every religious morsel imaginable, there is the presence of the ideology of pluralism. It may be that, as I have seen suggested, pluralism is a faith that exists as a people are on their way from one orthodoxy to another. We are moving from a Christian West to something else, and pluralism serves as the necessary faith bridge, if you will, to get us there.
We have mentioned Lesslie Newbigin before, but he is key in this study. In The Gospel in a Pluralistic Society, The Open Secret, and Foolishness to the Greeks, among other increasingly important reflections on these matters, he reminds us we may be cooperative with one but without compromise with the other.[13]
I . . . believe that a Christian must welcome some measure of plurality but reject pluralism. We can and must welcome a plural society because it provides us with a wider range of experience and a wider diversity of human responses to experience, and therefore richer opportunities for testing the sufficiency of our faith than are available in a monochrome society. As we confess Jesus as Lord in a plural society, and as the Church grows through the coming of people from many different cultural and religious traditions to faith in Christ, we are enabled to learn more of the length and breadth and height and depth of the love of God (
John Stott said, “Pluralism is an affirmation of the validity of every religion, and the refusal to choose between them, and the rejection of world evangelism …”[15] Of course, this is the rub for Christians. Susan Laemmle, Rabbi and Dean of Religious Life at USC, described the tenets of the ideology of religious pluralism as well as anyone: “… all spiritual paths are finally leading to the same sacred ground.”[16]
Another scholar, Episcopalian Professor M. Basye Holland-Shuey,[17] said, “Pluralism … holds to one’s own faith, and at the same time, engages other faiths in learning about their path and how they want to be understood … Pluralism and dialogue are the means for building bridges and relationships that create harmony and peace on our planet home.”[18]
According to this idea of pluralism, any denial of its validity would be paramount to blowing up bridges of common understanding and relationships among human beings. If you have seen the “I Hate Mean People” bumper stickers you might begin to understand what they really mean. To stand for the exclusive claims of biblical Christianity, according to her and many others, is to stand against world peace. The idea of religious pluralism as the ideal cultural dynamic for our country is developed and defended by Diana L. Eck, professor of comparative religion and Indian studies at Harvard University, in works like A New Religious America: How a “Christian Country” Has Become the World’s Most Religiously Diverse Nation.[19]
To preach faithfully in our generation, we must admit the pluralistic culture — whether we like it or not — but reject the philosophy of pluralism. In Christianity and Culture T.S. Eliot wrote:
Only a Christian culture could have produced a Voltaire or a Nietzsche. I do not believe the culture of Europe could survive the complete disappearance of the Christian faith. I am convinced of that, not merely because I am a Christian myself, but as a student of social biology. If Christianity goes, the whole of our culture goes.[20]
For Eliot, pluralistic societies can only come through a Christian society, with its essential understanding of and necessary consequences of the idea of human freedom and Christian liberty. However, Eliot is silenced beneath the cacophony of politically-correct voices that equate pluralism with peace and exclusive truth claims with repression.
“Why do the nations rage and the peoples plot in vain?” asked the psalmist (
This is where we find ourselves in the modern public square, where pluralism is the common denominator of the plurality. However, we have been here before. Whether it was Noah, standing against the unbelieving masses of the earth who had rejected God’s truth in sexuality and marriage for their own truths, or Moses, standing against the gods of Egypt, or Joshua, preaching against the pluralism of Canaan, or Elijah, challenging pluralism on Mount Carmel seeking to win back the hearts of Israel so enchanted by the religion of Baal worship, or Paul, standing before the idolatry of Athens or even preaching to the rabbinical Judaism of Jerusalem, the faith of the one true God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, of our Lord Jesus Christ, has always been taught in the middle of a pluralistic setting.
The one true God, who has revealed Himself through general revelation and through special revelation, becoming closest to us in the person of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, is a missionary God whose revelation is centrifugal, expansive, and victorious. God has always made Himself known in this pluralistic setting and has gathered in Hhis children to the one among the many.
This God cannot be held in check by the ideology of pluralism and, therefore, never can be presented by His ministers except as the one who stands in judgment over the other pseudo gods, false religions, and harmful thoughts of this present evil age and who calls for human beings to escape the coming judgment on those religions and find the abundant life and eternal life that comes from trusting in Jesus Christ.
In short, then, pluralistic setting? Of course. Pluralism? Never.
Now the question is: How do we do ministry in this environment? My answer is not a final answer, just one I am familiar with and want to share. It is the answer I use each time I do ministry as an Army chaplain. It is a model commonly called cooperation without compromise.
It is a message that seeks to disclose true faith in Christ by connecting what traditional Protestant theology calls general revelation with the God of special revelation: “For as I passed along and observed the objects of your worship, I found also an altar with this inscription, ‘To the unknown god.’ What therefore you worship as unknown, this I proclaim to you. The God who made the world and everything in it, being Lord of heaven and earth, does not live in temples made by man” (
Paul shows that behind the seen and unseen forces of life[32] there is the one true God. Paul declares the world is moving toward a day in which this God will judge the world. He will judge the world through a man whom he has appointed to do this, after giving sure proof to all by resurrecting him from the dead.[33]
And what happened? Some scoffed, some wanted to hear more, and some believed — among them a man and his wife.[37] A family in Athens was now Christian. Presumably, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob had now engrafted former Athenian pagans, from among the plurality of religions, out of the resistance of pluralism, to become members of the “Israel of God.”[38]
In his case, according to Greek Orthodox endorsed history, St. Dionysius became the Bishop of Athens, and inspired by Paul, took the gospel to Gaul and was martyred for Christ on what is still known as Montmartre. His name went into the French as St. Denis (he was confused with a saint of the same name from the third century).[39] It then went into English as Sidney and, thus, we have the name for the beautiful city in Australia![40] Out of the many came one who affected so many others with the gospel. We are left to marvel and ask with confidence concerning the answer: Can anything stop the kingdom of God?
It is clear the cooperation without compromise motif is one Paul used. When considered alongside other passages, far too many to deal with in the limits of this article, we could even say he used it self-consciously.[41]
The church needs to be very humble in acknowledging that it is itself only a learner, and it needs to pay heed to all the variety of human experience in order to learn in practice what it means that Jesus is the King and Head of the human race. But the church also needs to be very bold in bearing witness to him as the one who alone is that King and Head. For the demonstration, the proof, we have to wait for the end. Until then, we have to be bold and steadfast in our witness and patient in our hope. For “we are partakers of Christ if we hold our first confidence firm to the end” (
Let us then, with confidence in God and His Word, take our stand in this pluralistic age, as God gives us opportunity, and preach the unsearchable riches of Jesus Christ to all people everywhere. What a glorious opportunity for Gospel preachers! What a golden age for faithful expositors! What a gracious God who would send us into this age to preach Christ’s Gospel for such a time as this.
This article is adapted from a paper delivered to the Evangelical Theological Society in Washington DC in November 2006. The paper was subsequently published as Cooperation without Compromise: Faithful Gospel Witness in a Pluralistic Age (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2007).
[1] A. Vanlier Hunter, Th.D., “Biblical Reflections on Theological and Religious Pluralism.” Online: http://www.icjs.org/clergy/vanhunter.html
[2] The religious makeup of America is 77% Christian, 3.7% Other Religions, 14.1% No religion, according to the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS). For further study, see Professor Barry A. Kosmin; Professor Egon Mayer; Dr. Arela Keysar: Study Director, “American Religious Identification Survey.” Cited November 14, 2006. Online: http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm
[3] “The greatest increase in absolute as well as in percentage terms has been among those adults who do not subscribe to any religious identification; their number has more than doubled from 14.3 million in 1990 to 29.4 million in 2001; their proportion has grown from just eight percent of the total in 1990 to over fourteen percent in 2001.” (Ibid.).
[4] Lesslie Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans; Geneva, SZ: WCC Publications, 1989).
[5] Reinhold Niebuhr, The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses (ed. Robert McAfee Brown; New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986).
[6] Christ against culture, Christ of culture, Christ above culture, Christ and culture in paradox, and Christ the transformer of culture. (H. Richard Niebuhr, Christ and Culture [San Francisco. Calif.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1951]).
[7] His unpublished critique was later published(Glen Harold Stassen, D.M. Yeager, John Howard Yoder, Authentic Transformation: A New Vision of Christ and Culture [Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon Press, 1996]); Stanley Hauerwas, William H. Willimon, Resident Aliens: Life in the Christian Colony (Nashville, Tenn: Abingdon Press, 1989).
[8] Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1955, 1960); Glenn Lucke, "Review of Robert Wuthnow, America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity," Insight Cited November 13, 2006. Online: http://commongroundsonline.typepad.com/common_grounds_online/2005/11/glenn_lucke_rev.html
[9] Robert Wuthnow, America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005); Peter Wood, Diversity: The Invention of a Concept (San Francisco, Calif.: Encounter Books, 2003).
[10] Hans Urs von Balthasar, Cred Meditations on the Apostles' Creed (trans. David Kipp; New York, N.Y.: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1990).
[11] Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society, 27.
[12] See the excellent reflections on Dinesh D’Souza’s What’s Great About America and Pat Buchanan’s State of Emergency: the Third World Invasion and Conquest of America. Chris Seck, "Buchanan on Nationhood, [cited October 7, 2006]). Online: http://buchanan.org/blog/?p=125
[13] Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society; Lesslie Newbigin, The Open Secret: An Introduction to the Theology of Mission (rev. ed.; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1995); Lesslie Newbigin, Foolishness to the Greeks: The Gospel and Western Culture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1986).
[14] Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society, 244.
[15] John Stott, "Interview with John Stott," Orange County Register, Oct 3, 1998, Cited November 9, 2006. Online: http://www.religioustolerance.org/rel_plur1.htm
[16] Susan Laemmie, Education as Transformation: A National Project on Religious Pluralism, Spirituality and Higher Education on the Wellesley College website, 1998. Cited November 9, 2006. Online: http://www.wellesley.edu/RelLife/transformation/edu-ngoverview.html
[17] “M. Basye Holland teaches courses on World Religions and Biblical studies at Belmont University in Nashville and is the Religion and Training Consultant for the Huntsville/Madison County Interfaith Mission Service, board member for the Alabama Faith Council, and presents programs on Inter-religious Dialogue for churches and universities.” Online: http://www.episcopalarchives.org/e-archives/bluebook/6.html
[18] M. Basye Holland-Shuey, "Religious Pluralism and Interfaith Dialogue" a speech given to the Unitarian Universalist Church of Florence, AL, January 13, 2002. Cited November 9, 2006. Online: http://www.religioustolerance.org/rel_plur1.htm
[19] Diana L. Eck, A New Religious America: How a "Christian Country" Has Now Become the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation, (San Francisco, Ca.: HarperSanFrancisco, 2001). “Dr. Eck received the National Humanities Medal from President Clinton in a White House ceremony for her work in the area of religious pluralism” “Dr. Eck, a United Methodist, and her Lesbian partner serve as the first homosexual house “parents” at the famous Lowell House dormitory at Harvard. They have been active in not only advocating religious pluralism but also promoting homosexuality as normative in the Christian faith.” Review by Liza Kittle. Online: (http://www.renewnetwork.org/A%20New%20Religious%20America.pdf).
[20] T. S. Eliot, Christianity and Culture: The Idea of a Christian Society and Notes Towards the Definition of Culture (New York, N.Y.: Harcourt Brace, 1976), 200.
[21] United States Coast Guard Lay Reader Training Manual, (United States Coast Guard, 1995), 12.
[22] Ibid, 13.
[23] Chaplain (BG) David Zalis, The Army Transformation and Objective Force Unit Ministry Team, 2002 [cited November 9, 2006]. Online: http://www.usachcs.army.mil/TACarchive/ACwinspr02/Zalis.htm
[24] For some of the tensions, and from a liberal viewpoint, read Laurie Goodstein, "NY Times: Evangelicals Are a Growing Force in the Military Chaplain Corps"(July 12, 2005). Cited November 9, 2006. Online: http://www.refuseandresist.org/repro/art.php?aid=2123
[25] According to the translation of Richmond Alexander Lattimore, Acts and Letters of the Apostles (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1982).
[26] Ibid.
[27] For more on this illustration of one way—an unbiblical, unprofitable and even inhumane way—to respond to plurality and pluralism, you need only to type in “Fred Phelps” to get 59,400 entries at Google (on November 15, 2006). I read from http://www.apologeticsindex.org/111-westboro-baptist-church
[28] And he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their dwelling place, (
[29] Jean Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion ([Christian Classics Ethereal Library]). Online: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.i.iv.html
[30] "That there exists in the human minds and indeed by natural instinct, some sense of Deity,. . . .God himself . . . endued all men with some idea of his Godhead " (Calvin, Institutes, 1. 3. 1.).
[31] For as I passed along and observed the objects of your worship, I found also an altar with this inscription, 'To the unknown god.' What therefore you worship as unknown, this I proclaim to you. (
[32] nor is he served by human hands, as though he needed anything, since he himself gives to all mankind life and breath and everything. And he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their dwelling place, that they should seek God, in the hope that they might feel their way toward him and find him. Yet he is actually not far from each one of us, for "'In him we live and move and have our being'; as even some of your own poets have said, "'For we are indeed his offspring.' (
[33] because he has fixed a day on which he will judge the world in righteousness by a man whom he has appointed; and of this he has given assurance to all by raising him from the dead." (
[34] The times of ignorance God overlooked, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent, (
[35] On Acts 17.30, Calvin writes, “And assuredly we be not able to comprehend the reason why God did at a sudden set up the light of his doctrine, when he suffered men to walk in darkness four thousand years; at least seeing the Scripture doth conceal it, let us here make more account of sobriety than of preposterous wisdom.” (Jean Calvin, Commentary on Acts [Christian Classics Ethereal Library] Online: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom37.html
[36] . . . he was preaching Jesus and the resurrection. (
[37] Now when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked. But others said, "We will hear you again about this." So Paul went out from their midst. But some men joined him and believed, among whom also were Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris and others with them. (
38] And as for all who walk by this rule, peace and mercy be upon them, and upon the Israel of God. (
[39] Read more on him and the legend, as well as the pseudo Dionysius and his letters. Online: http://www.bartleby.com/65/di/DionysiuA.html
[40] See the sermon by Fr Andrew Phillips, "St Dionysius the Areopagite" [cited November 15, 2006]). Online: http://www.orthodoxengland.btinternet.co.uk/sermdion.htm
[41] I am thinking now of Paul’s appearance before Festus after having been charged by the Jews with crimes against the state. Paul said, “‘If then I am a wrongdoer and have committed anything for which I deserve to die, I do not seek to escape death. But if there is nothing to their charges against me, no one can give me up to them. I appeal to Caesar’” (
[42] Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society, 227.
[43] I quote from documents) outlining the charges against The Reverend Dr. David Benke concerning his participation in the multi-faith prayer service at Yankee Stadium. The prayer is a direct quote from an October 13, 2001, letter from The Reverend Charles Hendrickson to officials of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. Online: http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:NAYcVVt9eNoJ:www.cat41.org/news/archives/2001/BenkeDocs.rtf+benkedocs+yankee+stadium&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us
[44] The final verdict in the ecclesiastical case was given in the words of the panel investigating the event: "‘Rev. Benke's participation [in "A Prayer for America"] was neither a rejection of nor a challenge to the Synod's fellowship position and practice, but a discretionary response to a quite extraordinary set of circumstances in a quite unordinary event--a terrorist attack on the United States of America, specifically in New York City and the parochial area of St. Peter's Lutheran Church, New York, New York, and the Atlantic District of the LCMS.’” (Hillary Wicai, "Suspension Lifted for Missouri Synod Leader," Christian Century, May 31 2003. Online: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_11_120/ai_102750105
[45] See J.T. Sunderland, "Will India Become Christian?," The New World: A Quarterly Review of Religion, Ethics and Theology. (1898).
[46] Newbigin, Foolishness to the Greeks: The Gospel and Western Culture, 148-149.